Herman Hollerith, the Inventor of Computer Punch Cards

A  punch card  is a piece of  stiff paper  that contains digital information represented by the presence or absence of holes in predefined positions. The information might be data for data processing applications or, as in earlier times, used to directly control  automated machinery. The terms  IBM card, or  Hollerith card,  specifically refer to punch cards used in semiautomatic data processing. Punch cards were widely used through much of the 20th century in what became known as the data processing industry, where specialized and increasingly complex  unit record machines, organized into  data processing systems, used punched cards for data input, output, and storage.  Many early  digital computers  used punched cards, often prepared using  keypunch  machines, as the primary medium for input of both  computer programs  and  data. Punched cards are now obsolete as a  recording medium, as the last election in which they were used was the 2014 midterms, according to the Pew Research Center. Semen Korsakov  was the first to use punch cards in informatics for information store and search. Korsakov announced his new method and machines in September 1832; rather than seeking patents, he offered the machines for public use. Herman Hollerith In 1881, Herman Hollerith began designing a machine to tabulate census data more efficiently than by traditional hand methods. The U.S. Census Bureau had taken eight years to complete the 1880 census, and it was feared that the 1890 census would take even longer. Hollerith invented and used a punched card device to help analyze the 1890 U.S. census data. His great breakthrough was his use of electricity to read, count and sort punched cards whose holes represented data gathered by the census-takers. His machines were used for the 1890 census and accomplished in one year what would have taken nearly 10 years of hand tabulating. In 1896, Hollerith founded the Tabulating Machine Company to sell his invention, the Company became part of  IBM  in 1924. Hollerith first got his idea for the punch-card tabulation machine from watching a train conductor punch tickets. For his tabulation machine, he used the punch card invented in the early 1800s, by a French silk weaver called  Joseph-Marie Jacquard. Jacquard invented a way of automatically controlling the warp and weft threads on a silk loom by recording patterns of holes in a string of cards. Holleriths punch cards and tabulating machines were a step toward automated computation. His device could automatically read information which had been punched onto a card. He got the idea and then saw Jacquards punchcard. Punch card technology was used in computers up until the late 1970s. Computer punched cards were read electronically, the cards moved between brass rods, and the holes in the cards created an electric current where the rods would touch. What Is a Chad? A chad is a small piece of paper or cardboard produced in punching paper tape or data cards; also can be called a piece of chad. The term originated in 1947 and is of unknown origin. In laymens terms, chad is the punched out parts of the card — the holes.

Essay about Why Sex Education Should Be Taught in Schools

Why Sex Education Should Be Taught In Schools Most America teenagers are sexually active and think nothing could ever happen to them. But, many of them are misinformed about the risks that are involved in sex. Teens also dont always know the best ways to protect themselves and their partners from becoming pregnant or getting STDs. Alan Harris said, the more educated someone is the more likely they are to make responsible and informed choice for their behaviors. Sex education given by teachers at school is the most relabel way to give kids the right information about sex. In schools sex education information is give by professional and has be proven by many reports all over the country and world. The first formal attempts at†¦show more content†¦Even parents agree, as show in Douglas Kirby studies, about three fourths of U.S. adult population supports making information and contraceptive available through school-based health centers. School-based Programs to Reduce Sexual Risk Behavior: Review of Effectiveness, states that,  ³If effective programs are implemented in our nation s schools, they can have and important impact upon reducing sexual risk-taking behavior... ² It can also,  ³provide and effective component in a large overall strategy to reduce unintended pregnancy, STD and HIV ² One out of ten America teenage girl under the age of 20 get pregnant each year (Berne .18). Thats over one million teenage girls in our country alone. More that half of those pregnancies unfortunately end in abortions or miscarriages. If the teen mother is not married and choose to have the baby anyway, four percent of the babies are put up for adoption (Berne .155). Half of the pregnant teens will lose their babies from abortion or miscarriage and those that dont will have to suffer with the effect that pregnancies have on teen mothers. When pregnant teenagers decided to have their babies and keep them, there are many consequences that effect them before, during, and after labor. So me of the consequences are: 8 out of 10 teenagers are likely toShow MoreRelatedSex Education in Schools657 Words   |  3 PagesSex Education in Schools Nineteen-fifty five marked the debut of sex education programs in schools in the United States. Along the years, many have argued whether or not sex education should be taught in schools. Many believe that the education of sex encourages students to engage in sexual activities which lead to a higher number of pregnancies and sexual transmitted diseases (STD’s).The U.S. is the leading country in teen pregnancies and STD’s As the number of unplanned pregnancies and sexuallyRead MoreWhy Sex Education Should Be Taught Essay1247 Words   |  5 PagesI. Intro A. According to the nursing schools of the web page published in 2016 called 10 Truly Shocking Stats on STDS and College Students, â€Å"One in four college students have an STD.† They also stated that â€Å"Only 54 percent of students regularly use condoms during vaginal intercourse, 29 percent during anal intercourse and only 4 percent during oral sex.† Why is it that students aren’t protecting themselves against these issues? B. I am a credible source about this information because I amRead MoreSex Education in Public Schools1188 Words   |  5 PagesSex education should be taught in public middle schools because: it decreases the chance of sexual diseases and teenage pregnancies, it is needed in case of a parents’ absence or neglect, and it also provides more knowledge about how sex works while debunking the myths surrounding sexual intercourse, and it makes some want to set goals for relationships. People say sex education encourages youth to engage in sexual activities rather than preventing sex. This is true; however, studies show that whenRead MoreEssay The Argument of Sex Education in School1227 Words   |  5 Pages Audience Analysis: I am writing to the seven chairmen of the ___ County School Board. They are a made up of a group of five men and two women. They are most likely all parents who have a common concern on the material being taught on the issue of Sex Education in sc hools. Fellow parents vote on them to insure that they make the correct decisions on what their kids are learning in school. They are all from some form of the Christian religion. They are from ages 30 and older. They representRead MoreShould Sexual Education Be Mandatory?877 Words   |  4 Pages Should sexual education should be taught in schools? The answer is simply yes. 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Many states now have laws that do not allow the parents to opt out of the class, regardless of how they feel about their child being taught, these things (Contemporary Education Issues | K12 Academics, 2015). While some states leave it up to the individual district to set the rules for sex education in the districtRead MoreThe Rate Of Unwanted Teenage Pregnancies And Sexually Transmitted Diseases1502 Words   |  7 Pagesincreasing. Sexual Education has become an effective way of enforcing safety precautions and informing teens about healthy sexual activity. Sexual Education is the act of educating others about intercourse, the anatomy of the human body, sexual reproduction, abstinence, and contraceptives. Elizabeth Boskey, a STD expert, believes that schools should teach sex education because of the positive effects it has on the students. However, Sol Gordon believes that the parents should be responsible for teachingRead MoreSex Education Is Inappropriate And Harmful869 Words   |  4 Pageslack of sex education in schools. Statistics show that 3 in 10 teenagers are becoming pregnant every year, and 1 in four teenagers are contracting sexually transmitted infections. There are numerous opposing views towards the teaching of comprehensive sex education in school districts. Many people are opposed to this because they believe that it encourages premarital sexual promiscuity in young adults, is destructive to religious belief, and is inappropriate and harmful. â€Å"Comprehensive Sex Education

Pre-Eclampsia Free Essays

Nicole McLean RN Understanding Preeclampsia Drexel University Understanding Preeclampsia Preeclampsia is a hypertensive disorder of pregnancy. â€Å"Preeclampsia complicates 3-5% of all pregnancies and continues to be a major cause of morbidity and mortality for both mother and infant† (Pettit Brown, 2012, p. 6). We will write a custom essay sample on Pre-Eclampsia or any similar topic only for you Order Now The exact cause of preeclampsia is unknown. It is usually diagnosed after 20 weeks gestation. A diagnosis is made by elevated blood pressures and with or without proteinuria. The treatment of this disorder is geared towards management of symptoms, preventing seizures and controlling hypertension. I chose this topic because I am a labor and delivery nurse and find this to be a popular disorder of pregnancy. This disorder is very common among the nulliparity (first pregnancy) population. â€Å"Although the exact cause of preeclampsia remains unknown, much research effort has been exerted on the study of pathophysiological mechanisms† (Townsend Drummond, 2011, p. 245). Pettit Brown (2012) found that the placenta and the re-modeling of the uterine arteries is a factor in preeclamptic disease. Preeclampsia is usually diagnosed on a routine pre-natal visit during blood pressure checks and urine dips. Urine dips show the presence of protein in the urine. According to ACOG (American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists) the criteria for diagnosing preeclampsia is a systolic blood pressure 140mmHg or diastolic blood pressure 90mmHg that occurs after 20 weeks gestation in a woman with previously normal blood pressure. Also, the presence of proteinuria, which is the urinary excretion of 0. g of protein or higher in a 24 – hour urine specimen (ACOG bulletin 33, 2002, p. 160). The goal of treatment is aimed towards preventing seizures and blood pressure management. â€Å"The long held principle that delivery is the only cure for preeclampsia prevails† (Townsend Drummond, 2011, p. 299). â€Å"Thus, interventions are currently designed to either deliver the fetus or make sure the mother and fetus are safe to continue the pregnancy while allowing time for feta l lung maturity to occur† (Townsend Drummond, 2011,p. 299). In my institution, Magnesium sulfate is the gold standard of care for preeclamptic patients. We use this drug to prevent seizures and anti-hypertensives to control blood pressure. Close monitoring of these patients is crucial. Our hospital protocol involves monitoring maternal well being, which includes blood pressure checks hourly, monitoring of liver and kidney function, and obtaining daily weights at the same time each day for evaluation of tissue fluid retention. We also monitor fetal well-being by continuously monitoring the fetal heart rate with an external fetal monitor. It is important to encourage these patients to maintain a nutritious diet with moderate protein intake to compensate for the protein that may be lost in the urine. In conclusion, the most common medical complication of pregnancy is hypertension. The main goal is to keep the mother pregnant for as long as possible. Both the mother and baby will be closely monitored, and if the mother is term or if the baby is in distress the doctor may decide to induce labor or perform a cesarean – section. The most important thing is maternal and fetal well being. References American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) Committee on Obstetric Practice. ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 33: Diagnosis and Management of Preeclampsia and Eclampsia. 99(1): 159 -167, January 2002. Pettit, F. , Brown, M. A. (2012). The management of pre-eclampsia: What we think we know. European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology, 160(1), 6. doi:10. 1016/j. ejogrb. 2011. 09. 049 Townsend, N. S. , Drummond, S. B. (2011). Preeclampsia: Pathophysiology and implications for care. The Journal of Perinatal Neonatal Nursing, 25(3), 245. Intellectual Honesty Certification I certify that this assignment is presented as entirely my own intellectual work. Any words and/or ideas from other sources (e. g. printed publications, Internet sites, electronic media, other individuals, groups, or organizations) have been  properly indicated using the appropriate scholarly citation style required by the department or College. I have not submitted this assignment in its entirety to satisfy the requirements of any other course. Any parts of this assignment from other courses have been discussed thoroughly with the faculty member before this submission so that there is an understanding that I have used some of this work in a prior assignment. Student’s Signature_Nicole McLean Course Submitted_Nursing 324: Online Tools for Success Term Fall 2012 Date   November 25, 2012 How to cite Pre-Eclampsia, Papers

Philosophy in Science for Interpretation - myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Philosophy in Science for Design and Interpretation. Answer: Introduction The assignment contains a research design that is used to understand customer expectation towards a product and develop a marketing strategy accordingly. Research aim The aim of the research is to understand customer behavior towards a certain product and understanding their different perspective towards robot cleaners. Research questions The research questions are written as follows:- How the customer scan be attracted to the new product? How their attitudes will be towards the new product? Research purpose The purpose of the report is to understand how customers behave with technologies which replace manual tasks and automate them. Limitations of the research The only limitations of the research was lack of timing and economic resources to conduct the research. Methodology To collect information about the product from the customers, two specific methodologies will be used. The first methodology is basic questionnaires and the second methodology is interviews (Meyers, Gamst and Guarino 2016). The target group for the questionnaire will be working people from the age of 30 and above. These people are assumed to be busy with their household chores and get little or no time to clean their houses properly. A list of open, closed and multi response question need to be formulated in a question paper to understand the opinions of customer towards vacuum cleaners. Questions with ambiguity should be avoided. The data needs to be gathered and analyzed to measure customer satisfaction and key influences. The questionnaire will be conducted in cafes and shopping malls where customer has ample time to answer the questions properly. Questions whether regarding whether the customers need a helping hand in cleaning or are they comfortable with a machine running around their house can be asked to understand their general views about iRobot. The second methodology that can be adopted to understand about customer expectation towards the product is with simple interviews. The interviews can be conducted in an open mall or shopping areas and the target group should be individuals who are working and above 25 years old. If the individuals think that iRobot is a good idea, then their reasoning should be understood in detail. Their opinions towards robots cleaning a house instead of a human can also shed light on certain aspects of the product. Analysis The data from the questionnaires are evaluated for any error. The male and female responses are analyzed differently. The data from interviews are also collected and segregated according to the sex. More than 90% of male interviewers are happy with the concept of iRobot as most of them spend their day away in their offices. Female interviewers have a 60% acceptance rate as the concept of automated vacuum cleaning is still new. Discussion As the concept of iRobot is still new, through epistemological beliefs of interpretive framework, the positive side of the concept can be generalized through research and statistics. More than 50% of the researched individuals have accepted the technology but some of them have not as they want a system which will assist them in their cleaning process rather than replacing them. The constructivist belief of research paradigm needs to be taken as different people have different view about iRobot and the reality needs to be interpreted for better marketing opportunities (Milton and Rodgers 2013). Conclusion The interview format is more beneficial in this context than questionnaire as it gives the interviewer ample time to change the questions. Through positivism, the interviewer can interpret the logistics, statistics and scientific approach with the questions to understand how society thinks about the particular product and how the views can be changed with a slight change in the marketing approach. References Meyers, L.S., Gamst, G. and Guarino, A.J., 2016.Applied multivariate research: Design and interpretation. Sage publications. Milton, A. and Rodgers, P., 2013.Research methods for product design. Laurence King Publishing.